On Production of Long-term Mean Zonal Current and Eddy Momentum and Heat Transports in Atmosphere     

H. L. Kuo 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2001,158(5-6):1047-1063

— The mean zonal velocity in the atmosphere is taken as being created continually by the global scale Hadley circulation produced by the differential solar heating through the balance between the Coriolis effect and vertical diffusion, and not by conservation of absolute momentum. Hence a proper determination of the diffusion coefficient becomes the key to the solution of the zonal flow problem. In this study we take the flow field as composed of a primary global scale Hadley circulation, and a secondary flow created by the convergences of the eddy transports of heat and momentum and surface friction, which give rise to the classical three cell structure of the meridional circulation but which only modifies the zonal velocity distribution slightly.¶Finally, we use the equilibrium solution of the perturbation potential vorticity equation to obtain the eddy transports of momentum and heat, with the zonal velocity given by the primary Hadley flow as the basic flow, and we found that they are close to the statistically observed values, demonstrating that the system can maintain itself.  相似文献   

中国暴雨中尺度系统发生与发展的诊断分析和数值模拟(Ⅰ)诊断分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

程麟生  Ying-Hwa Kuo  彭新东  李小莉 《应用气象学报》1993,4(3):256-268

通过对我国三次(“81.7”、“81.8”和“91.7”)典型大暴雨过程的动力学和热力学诊断来探讨暴雨中尺度系统发生与发展的问题。大、中尺度天气分析指出,无论是发生在我国东部的“91.7”暴雨过程,还是出现在西部地区的“81.7”和“81.8”暴雨过程,都与在特定大尺度环流形势下持续发展的中尺度系统直接关联。涡度诊断表明,高、低空正涡度中心的叠加和耦合、并形成一个正涡度柱是这类暴雨中尺度系统持续发展的一种共同特征。根据场分解涡度方程获得的涡源诊断表明,涡源对这类中尺度系统的发生和发展具有重要的动力学贡献。中尺度热量和水汽收支诊断揭示,视热源 Q_1和视水汽汇 Q_2的垂直积分高值区,与低涡或低涡切变线及其暴雨区基本一致;Q_1(Q_2)的面积平均最大加热(增湿)区间出现在对流层中、上(下)部;由于感热和潜热对流涡动通量辐合的加热,在其上部近乎等于凝结释放潜热量的一半。  相似文献   

An Image-Well Method for Predicting Drawdown Distribution in Aquifers with Irregularly Shaped Boundaries     

M.C.T. Kuo  W. L. Wang  D. S. Lin  C. C. Lin  C. J. Chiang 《Ground water》1994,32(5):794-804

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Characteristics of disturbances in the atmosphere and oceans     

H. L. Kuo 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1977,115(4):915-936

The characteristics of the disturbances in the atmosphere and oceans and in other stably stratified and rotating fluids are analyzed according to their phase and group velocities. It is shown that both stable stratification and rotation augment the velocity of the sound waves, and that the internal gravity waves and inertial waves are mutually exclusive when the Brunt-Väisälä frequency is different from the Coriolis parameter. It is also shown that both the barotropic and the internal Rossby waves are well separated from the gravity waves and that they can be represented accurately by the quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity equation, even close to the equator, except for the one member withn=0 which is coupled with an eastward propagating gravity wave.  相似文献   

Power laws of high Rayleigh number convection     

H. L. Kuo 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1979,17(1):29-39

Previous theoretical and observational investigations have shown that vertical plumes are formed in the high Rayleigh number convection field over heated horizontal surfaces and that these plumes become unsteady and turbulent when the Rayleigh number is higher than about 20 times its critical value R _c. Based on these results, we conclude that the dissipation of kinetic energy takes place mainly in the surface boundary layer in high Rayleigh number laminar convection and mainly in the vertical plumes in turbulent convection, while the conversion of eddy potential energy into kinetic energy is accomplished mainly in the well-mixed main body of the fluid. On making use of these rather general conclusions concerning the kinetic energy generation and dissipation processes in the energy integrals, we are able to derive the well known 5/4 and 4/3 power laws of upward heat transfer by laminar and turbulent convections theoretically.  相似文献   

On the frequency distribution of interoccurrence times of earthquakes     

Jeen-Hwa Wang  Chiao-Hui Kuo 《Journal of Seismology》1998,2(4):351-358

The distributions of discrete frequency, N, versus interoccurrence time, t (in days), of M 7 earthquakes in the Taiwan region during the 1900–1994 period, M 6 earthquakes in the north-south seismic belt of China during the 1900–1990 period, and M 5.5 earthquakes in Southern California, U.S.A., during the 1914–1995 period are studied through two statistical models (gamma function and exponential function). Results show that both the exponential function and gamma function can describe the distributions. However, the former is more appropriate than the latter. This indicates that the three time series of earthquakes have a significant component of Poisson processes, even though the tectonic conditions, the fault distributions and the size of the three seismic regions are different.  相似文献   

三层准地转斜压模式中的准常定波与平流层极涡形成，维持和演变的机制     

郭卫东  纪立人 《大气科学》1988,12(S1):176-190

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Petrology of spinel harzburgite xenoliths from the Kishb Plateau,Saudi Arabia     

Lung -Chuan Kuo  Eric J. Essene 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,93(3):335-346

Two spinel harzburgite xenoliths from a Pleistocene alkali basalt unit erupted at the northwestern corner of the Tertiary Kishb Plateau (Saudi Arabia) are characterized by an incipient transition from protogranular to porphyroclastic texture. Vermicular and interstitial spinels are closely associated with neoblasts of olivine, enstatite, and diopside. Sparse exsolution lamellae of high-Ca pyroxene occur in all the enstatite porphyroblasts. Olivine neoblasts are, in many cases, in contact with one another, with the triple grain junctions rarely approaching 120°. Chemical zoning is undetectable by microprobe in spinel and olivine, whereas zoning of Al in enstatite and diopside indicates that chemical equilibrium was not attained. Clear, palegreen glasses occur as veinlets about 10 microns or less in width along grain boundaries and cracks. Consistent counting rates for Na in these glasses were obtained only at 5 kV with a sample current of about 6 namps and counting time of less than 7 s. These glasses are chemically homogeneous and are characterized by relatively high contents of SiO₂ (55.8–58.7 wt%), Na₂O (6.4–7.6 wt%), and Al₂O₃ (20.0–21.6 wt%), with inferred volatile contents of less than 1 wt%. The glass is suggested to be of upper mantle origin rather than having developed from the host basalt or by decompressional melting upon ascent.Geothermometry and geobarometry indicate that the lithospheric upper mantle beneath the Arabian Shield had been locally heated to higher than 1,050° C during Miocene/ Pliocene, resulting in some degree of partial melting. Spinel was formed by reaction between aluminous pyroxenes and olivine during subsequent cooling, and intercrystalline Mg-Fe exchange reached a steady state at about 800° C. The geotherm beneath the Arabian Shield since Miocene is estimated to be somewhat lower than that representing the present oceanic upper mantle. The thermal history established is consistent with the tectonic history of the Red Sea area and indicates a two-stage magmatism in the Arabian Shield since Miocene.  相似文献   

Occurrence,chemistry, and origin of immiscible silicate glasses in a tholeiitic basalt: A TEM/AEM study     

Lung -Chuan Kuo  Jung H. Lee  Eric J. Essene  Donald R. Peacor 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(1):90-98

The occurrence and chemistry of immiscible silicate glasses in a tholeiite mesostasis from the Umtanum formation, Washington, were investigated with transmission electron microscopy and analytical electron microscopy (TEM/AEM). TEM observation reveals isolated, dark globules (2.1 micron or less in diameter) randomly distributed in a transparent matrix glass interstitial to plagioclase laths. The globules less than 0.3 micron and larger than 0.8 micron fall beyond the linear relationship defined by the 0.3–0.8 micron globules in a plot of the logarithm of number versus size. Large globules (0.7 micron or larger in diameter) range from homogeneous to heterogeneous in optical properties and chemistry. Homogeneous globules are completely glassy, whereas heterogeneous globules contain crystalline domains. AEM analyses show that the globules have high Si, Fe, Ca, and Ti with subordinate Mg, Al, P, S, Cl, K, and Mn, which gives high normative fa, px, il, and ap. The matrix glass consists dominantly of Si with low Al and minor Na and K, yielding a high normative qz, or, ab, and an.It is proposed that the silicate liquid immiscibility occurs by reaction of network-modifying cations (NMCs) with dominantly chain-like anionic units in the parental melt to form less polymerized, NMC-bearing units and highly polymerized, Si-rich units. The globules nucleated metastably under supercooled conditions, and medium-size globules become either larger or smaller at lower temperatures. Internal nucleation of NMC-rich phases occurred in some larger globules upon cooling.  相似文献   

Hypoxia and salinity in Virginia estuaries     

Albert Y. Kuo  Bruce J. Neilson 《Estuaries and Coasts》1987,10(4):277-283

Hypoxia, periods of reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations, has been observed not only in the Chesapeake Bay but also in the deeper waters of the Virginia estuaries that are tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay. When water temperature exceeded 20°C, minimum oxygen concentrations were observed to be <50% of saturation concentrations in 75%, 50% and 2% of the surveys in the estuaries of the Rappahannock, York and James rivers, respectively. The observation that hypoxia rarely occurred in the James River is surprising, given the fact that it receives the greatest amount of wastewater. Analysis of the oxygen budgets in these estuaries indicates that the variations in the frequency, duration, and severity of hypoxia are related to the net movement of bottom waters. This relationship has significant implications for the management of water quality and marine fisheries.  相似文献